sahara occidental conflit

After another inconclusive round of talks, the parties finally, on 8–9 January 2008, agreed on "the need to move into a more intensive and substantive phase of negotiations". The refugee camps were set up in the Tindouf Province, Algeria in 1975–76 for the benefit of Sahrawi refugees fleeing from Moroccan forces during the Western Sahara War. [91] Spanish news agency Europa Press later criticized Moroccan authorities for expelling international observers from the public trail.[92]. Efforts by the UN special envoys to find common ground between both parties did not succeed. Profitons de ce moment pour rappeler dans ses très grandes lignes les enjeux de cette trop vieille histoire. The rebellious territory was finally subdued in 1934, after joint Spanish and French forces destroyed Smara for a second time. Le Sahara, un espace de conflits 1.Le Sahara occidental L’ouest du Sahara se caractérise par un conflit frontalier persistant dont l’enjeu est le Sahara occidental, ancienne colonie espagnole, que se sont partagés le Maroc et la Mauritanie en 1975. [94] Al-Batal was sentenced to six years in prison. 03 déc 2020. On est toujours, dans les années 1970-1980, en pleine guerre froide. Women in Western Sahara are prominent members of the Polisario Front as soldiers and activists. Sahara occidental : 45 ans de conflits et de négociations "au point mort" Premier site d'informations de l'Afrique de l'ouest | seneweb.com Accueil » Algérie » Conflit du Sahara Occidental : ... Maroc a lancé, le 13 novembre dernier, une opération militaire dans la zone-tampon d’El Guerguerat, au Sud-Ouest du Sahara Occidental, en violent l’accord de cessez-le-feu. Citing the Spanish approach to regional autonomy, the Moroccan government plans to model any future agreement after the cases of the Canary Islands, Basque Country, Andalusia or Catalonia. Aujourd'hui, sa rubrique "Comprendre..." s'intéresse au conflit au Sahara occidental, à l'occasion d'une rencontre à Genève entre ses principaux protagonistes, les 5 et 6 décembre 2018. In 1979, Mauritania withdrew from the conflict and territories, leading to a stalemate through most of the 1980s. Constructed in six stages, from 1980 to 1987, five 'breaches' along the wall allow Moroccan troops the right of pursuit. Au début du XXe siècle, la France et l’Espagne se partagent le Maroc, vieux sultanat, alors chancelant. The Western Sahara conflict is an ongoing conflict between the Polisario Front and the Kingdom of Morocco.The conflict originated from an insurgency by the Polisario Front against Spanish colonial forces from 1973 to 1975 and the subsequent Western Sahara War against Morocco between 1975 and 1991. Le Maroc c'était de Tanger au fleuve Sénégal. La guerre du Sahara occidental est un épisode du Conflit au Sahara occidental entre 1975 et 1991 [3].C'est un conflit militaire opposant le Maroc et la Mauritanie au Front Polisario, sur le territoire du Sahara occidental.La guerre éclate à la suite du retrait de l'Espagne du Sahara espagnol, qu'elle avait convenu de céder au Maroc et à la Mauritanie lors des accords de Madrid. In 2011, Spanish Foreign Minister Trinidad Jiménez called for a U.N. committee to evaluate the security situation in the Polisario-controlled refugee camps in Tindouf (Algeria) and probe possible corruption in the distribution of international aid there. Morocco's position is that Algeria is part of the conflict and uses the Sahara issue for geopolitical interests that date from the Cold War, claiming that this country in its official communication to the United Nations "presents itself sometimes as 'a concerned party,' other times as an 'important actor,' or as a 'party' in the settlement of the dispute". Eleven security officers and at least two civilians were killed, by official count. According to maps from MINURSO[81] or the UNHCR,[82] part of the wall extends several kilometers into internationally recognized Mauritanian territory. On a beaucoup écrit, depuis 1975, que la Marche verte a été une grande opération de communication d’Hassan II. Le directeur général de l’Institut national d’études de stratégie globale (INESG), Abdelaziz Medjahed, a fait savoir, ce lundi 16 novembre, que la France était dernière le Maroc dans l’affaire du conflit du Sahara Occidental. The Moroccans have been more successful regarding the Western Sahara. novembre 13, 2020. [31] The United Nations has only ever officially considered Morocco and the Polisario Front parties to the conflict, however acknowledges that other interests may also be involved. In 1884, Spain claimed a protectorate over the coast from Cape Bojador to Cap Blanc. L’Espagne occupe le Rif, la province du nord (sans Tanger, transformée en ville internationale). [93] The video inspired condemnation from international rights groups who called for an investigation to be made and for Al-Batal to be released. The Moroccan government has not yet commented on these claims.[27][28][29]. With most refugees still living in the camps, the refugee situation is among the most protracted worldwide. M. Rahabi déplore la décision du Maroc de faire intervenir des acteurs étrangers dans le conflit au Sahara occidental. The cease fire ending hostilities was officially signed in 1991. Many public and private buildings and vehicles were burned in the city.[26]. Several international human rights organizations have accused the Moroccan government of imposing a media blackout in the region by targeting protestors and journalists. Indeed, shortly after the Houston Agreement (1997), Morocco officially declared that it was "no longer necessary" to include an option of independence on the ballot, offering instead autonomy. Se trata de un territorio estratégico y rico en recursos naturales que, durante casi un siglo, fue parte de España y que, actualmente, se encuentra bajo dominio mayoritario de Marruecos, país vecino. Le conflit est programmé pour durer. Efforts to gain support in the Arab World for the idea of a Greater Morocco did not receive much support despite efforts in the early 1960s to enlist the Arab League for its cause. chapitre 10. chapitre 11. chapitre 12. Le Conseil se félicite du fait que la situation au Sahara occidental est restée relativement calme, tandis que le cessez-le-feu tient toujours et que les parties respectent le mandat de la MINURSO. Le conflit du Sahara occidental est l’un des plus anciens et l’un des plus négligés du monde. The Gdeim Izik protest camp was established in Western Sahara on 9 October 2010 and lasted into November, with related incidents occurring in the aftermath of its dismantlement on 8 November 2010. Histoire Géo 2,264,722 views. As of 2010[update], negotiations over the terms of any potential referendum have not resulted in any substantive action. The refugee camps are located in Algeria and the country has armed, trained, and financed the Polisario for more than thirty years. Derrière le soutien de l’Algérie au Polisario, il y a aussi la possibilité, dans la perspective d’un Etat indépendant mais vassal, d’avoir accès à la façade atlantique. In July 2019 the Polisario Front arrested three Saharawi activists within the refugee camps for criticizing the Polisario Front's governance in Facebook Posts. [58], The Obama administration disassociated itself from the Moroccan autonomy plan in 2009, however, reversing the Bush-backed support of the Moroccan plan, and returning to a pre-Bush position, wherein the option of an independent Western Sahara is on the table again. Après 30 ans d'immobilisme, le cessez-le-feu a été interrompu au Sahara occidental. « Le conflit du Sahara occidental est une question de décolonisation qui ne peut être résolue qu’à travers l’application du droit international et de la doctrine bien établie des Nations Unies et de l’Union Africaine en la matière, c’est-à-dire l’exercice authentique par le … In 1979, Mauritania withdrew its forces from the disputed territory, and the Polisario Front and Morocco reached a ceasefire agreement in 1991. En novembre, le roi Mohammed VI a aussi affirmé être prêt à bouger. The Independence Intifada[2] or the Second Sahrawi Intifada (intifada is Arabic for "uprising") and also May Intifada[25] is a Sahrawi activist term for a series of disturbances, demonstrations and riots which broke out in May 2005 in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara. Morocco continues to propose autonomy for the territory as the solution to the conflict, while the Polisario Front insists on nothing other than complete independence. While the protests were initially peaceful, they were later marked by clashes between civilians and security forces, resulting in dozens of casualties on both sides. [citation needed] The 1975 United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara, headed by Simeon Aké, concluded that Sahrawi support for independence (as opposed to Spanish rule or integration with a neighboring country) amounted to an "overwhelming consensus" and that the Polisario Front was by far the most powerful political force in the country.[23]. Le plan de paix Un plan signé en 1988 qui ne s'applique pas ! The Western Sahara War was an armed conflict, lasting from 1975 to 1991, fought primarily between the Polisario Front and Morocco. ", a Brussels-based commercial firm in the domain of counselling, "The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria)", "Telquel – Maroc/Algérie.Bluff et petites manœuvres", "Khadija Mohsen-Finan Le règlement du conflit du Sahara occidental à l'épreuve de la nouvelle donne régionale", "France Libertés – The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria). It was intended to replace the Settlement Plan of 1991 and the Houston Agreement of 1997, which had effectively failed to make any lasting improvement. [70] An additional round of talks was held from 18 to 19 March 2008, but once again no major agreement was reached. Sahara occidental : un conflit post-colonial qui n'a que trop duré. Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara. L'extension du conflit, 1976 - 1988 . [72] To date, all negotiations have failed to resolve the dispute. The Baker Plan (formally, Peace Plan for Self-Determination of the People of Western Sahara) was a United Nations initiative led by James Baker to grant self-determination to Western Sahara, and was formulated in the year 2000. The Sahara Press Service later said that Polisario fighters had attacked Moroccan positions along different parts of the frontline, which stretches hundreds of miles across the desert. En 1991, dans une ambiance de fin de guerre froide, l’ONU réussit enfin à faire accepter un cessez-le-feu aux belligérants. [83], As early as 1979, the idea of a defensive wall has been an obvious one for the Moroccan authorities. [68] Also present at the negotiations were the neighboring countries of Algeria and Mauritania, a nod to the role they play in the ongoing conflict. [77], In addition, the Polisario Front has a full autonomous control of the Sahrawi refugee camps. [71] The negotiations were supervised by Peter van Walsum, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon's personal envoy for Western Sahara. The Polisario Front, backed by Algeria and Libya, desiring instead the establishment an independent Sahrawi state in the territory, fought both Mauritania and Morocco in quick succession, in an attempt to drive their forces out of the region. [75], The Polisario controls about 20–25% of the Western Sahara territory,[76] as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), and claim sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara. El Hiba's forces were defeated during a failed campaign to conquer Marrakesh, and in retaliation French colonial forces destroyed the holy city of Smara in 1913. The ceasefire was upheld until 13 November 2020 when the Moroccan army enterd into the demilitarized town of Guerguerat, and the Saharawi authorities responded by declaring that the ceasefire was broken and the SPLA armed forces attacked Maroccan army positions along the Moroccan Western Sahara Wall. The opening of the consulate was condemned by international representatives of both the Polisario Front and Algeria. Au début du XXe siècle, la France et l’Espagne se partagent le Maroc, vieux sultanat, alors chancelant. [74] Currently the position of United Nations envoy to Western Sahara is empty and the Security Counsel is actively seeking a replacement. and extended the MINURSO mission until 31 October 2007. Le tiers sud du territoire ira à la Mauritanie, les deux tiers nord au Maroc. Nous respectons votre choix. Quelle doit-être la question posée ? The NGO Human Rights Watch penned a letter to European Members of Parliament seeking a vote against the proposition, arguing that Morocco has no legal basis to make agreements regarding a disputed territory and is thus illegal under international law. [91] In 2019 they accused the government of using Article 381 of Morocco's penal code to restrict freedom of the press. The questions of mutual recognition, establishment of a possible Sahrawi state and the large numbers of Sahrawi refugees displaced by the conflict are among the key issues of the ongoing Western Sahara peace process. Le fait est que, dans le pays, la souveraineté marocaine sur le Sahara occidental est l’objet d’un consensus qui rassemble à peu près toutes les sensibilités. Human Rights Watch called on the Moroccan government to amend the article to ensure it did not apply to journalists. The statement reiterated the Polisario Front's request that the UN organize a free referendum within Western Sahara on their self-governing status. Morocco claims to have captured "dozens of Algerian officers and non-commissioned officers and soldiers" during these confrontations, but has released them to Algerian authorities.[31]. La guerre a déjà commencé. (s/2001/613 Paragraph 54)", "Sahara Marathon: Host Interview Transcript", "US Ambassador urges dialogue between Morocco and Algeria", "The Polisario Front – Credible Negotiations Partner or After Effect of the Cold War and Obstacle to a Political Solution in Western Sahara? Le Maroc conforte sa position  Dans les années 1980, pour lutter contre les avancées ennemies, il érige un immense mur de 2.700 km, soigneusement gardé par ses soldats et une technologie obligeamment fournie par Washington, dessinant une longue frontière au milieu du territoire. En 1979, le Polisario gagne une manche en réussissant, après une guerre d’embuscade et un changement de régime à Nouakchott, à sortir la Mauritanie du jeu. [44] The statement by Jiménez came two days after two Spanish aid workers and one Italian were kidnapped by suspected al-Qaeda members in Tindouf, which is under the control of Polisario Front, which seeks the independence of Western Sahara from Morocco. Le contenu de ce site est le fruit du travail de l'ensemble d'une rédaction qui oeuvre chaque jour à vous apporter une information de qualité, fiable, complète, et d'une équipe web qui vous propose des services innovants. United Nations Visiting Mission to Spanish Sahara, 1975, General Assembly, 30th Session, Supplement 23, UN DocumentA/10023/Rev. Le simple fait qu’Horst Köhler, ancien président allemand devenu le médiateur de l’ONU sur ce dossier, ait réussi à les installer tous autour d’une table est déjà assez rare pour ne pas être salué. Le Maroc dégaine le plus vite. [38][39] This remains a source of much tension between the two countries. [96], Moroccan initiative and Manhasset negotiations, Report of the Secretary General on the status of the negotiations on Western Sahara, 29 June 2007, limited recognition by a number of other states, United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara, Algeria–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations, The main novelty is that Algeria has been invited to these round tables, The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria), United Nations Security Council Resolution 1754, Moroccan Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs, "Gulf Arabs back Morocco in Western Sahara rift with U.N.", https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/02/292656/morocco-buys-israeli-drones-to-combat-extremism-in-western-sahara/, "Marruecos incrementa su presencia en Mauritania", Asistencia en favor de las víctimas saharauis. Quelque 350.000 Marocains sans armes, dont des femmes, des enfants et des vieillards, forcent la frontière et pénètrent dans le territoire convoité. Les 450 000 Sahraouis se sont éparpillés Ma al-Aynayn the Saharan pro-Moroccan caïd of Tindouf and Smara named by the Moroccan sultan started an uprising against the French in 1910 in response to French attempts to expand their influence and control in North-West Africa. In 2019 Amnesty International called for an investigation into a violent crackdown on protestors that took place on July 19, in the city of Laayoune. Les faits À la demande de l’Allemagne, le conseil de sécurité de l’ONU doit se … Il est également demandeur d'une reprise pour séparer la relation algéro-marocaine de l'affaire du Sahara occidental. Réussiront-ils à sortir de l’ornière un conflit qui s’enlise depuis plus de quatre décennies dans les sables du désert ? The main novelty is that Algeria has been invited to these round tables. On n’y trouve rien d’autre, alors, que des dunes et du sable, mais, avec ses 266.000 km2, elle est vaste comme le Royaume-Uni. In 1956, the Ifni War, initiated by the Moroccan Army of Liberation, marked renewed conflict in the region; after two years of war, the Spanish forces regained control, again with French aid. Des dizaines de milliers de Sahraouis, fuyant les bombardements marocains, se réfugient dans des camps installés autour de Tindouf, dans le sud-ouest algérien. [80] Women have been "responsible for much of the administration of the camps. Ma al-Aynayn died in October 1910, and his son El Hiba succeeded him. [citation needed]. [65] By 2001, the process had reached a stalemate, and the UN Secretary-General asked the parties for the first time to explore other solutions. SAHARA OCCIDENTAL - WESTERN SAHARA. In 1971, a group of young Sahrawi students in the universities of Morocco began organizing what came to be known as The Embryonic Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro. [33] Some third parties have called for both Morocco and Algeria to negotiate directly to find a solution for the conflict. Since early 2005, the UN Secretary-General has not referred to the plan in his reports, and by now it seems largely dead. [19] The city was promptly rebuilt[citation needed], and Sahrawi resistance continued for the following twenty years. ACTUALITES - NEWS - NOTICIAS. On 20 May he led the Khanga raid, the Polisario's first armed action,[22] in which a Spanish post manned by a team of Tropas Nomadas (Sahrawi-staffed auxiliary forces) was overrun and a cache of rifles seized. [42] In March 2003 Khaled Nezzar, an Algerian retired general, referred to the conflict as being an issue only between Morocco and Algeria. Even though Algeria has no official claim to Western Sahara, some experts see that the Sahara conflict represents a domestic political issue for the country. Some 40,000–80,000[citation needed] Sahrawi refugees were displaced as a result of the conflict; at present, most still reside in various Sahrawi refugee camps throughout the Tindouf province of Algeria. le Sahara occidental des nomades Sahraouis : ... Histoire des juifs - Résumé depuis 750 av. The Polisario Front accepted this voter list, as it had done with the previous list presented by the UN (both of them originally based on the Spanish census of 1974), but Morocco refused. According to Pascal Bongard, program director at Geneva Call, between five and ten million land mines have been laid in the areas around the wall. Au milieu des années 1970, alors que Franco n’en finit plus d’agoniser, Madrid se décide enfin à en partir. Revista Internacional de la Cruz Roja, 1, pp 83–83 (1976), "Women on Frontline in Struggle for Western Sahara", "Saharawi Liberation Army | SADR Permanent Mission in Ethiopia and African Union", "Sahrawis campaign for independence in the second intifada, Western Sahara, 2005–2008", "Western Sahara Between Autonomy and Intifada – Middle East Research and Information Project", "Western Sahara: Beatings, Abuse by Moroccan Security Forces", "Polisario leader says Western Sahara ceasefire with Morocco is over", "Western Sahara independence leader declares the end of a 29-year-old ceasefire with Morocco", "United Nations General Assembly A/55/997", "Memorandum of the Kingdom of Morocco on the regional dispute on the Sahara September 24, 2004", "United Nations – Security Council. Vous avez publié votre avis en omettant l'original. At the time, most of the Western Sahara territory remained under Moroccan control, while the Polisario controlled some 20% of the territory in its capacity as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, with additional pockets of control in the Sahrawi refugee camps along the Algerian border. The Western Sahara conflict is an ongoing conflict between the Polisario Front and the Kingdom of Morocco. The conflict originated from an insurgency by the Polisario Front against Spanish colonial forces from 1973 to 1975 and the subsequent Western Sahara War against Morocco between 1975 and 1991. Evidemment, on trouve derrière les arguties juridiques des questions autrement plus essentielles, qui expliquent l’enlisement. Voulant prouver sa bonne volonté, le Maroc a adhéré à nouveau à l’Union africaine en 2017. The war resulted in somewhere between 14,000 and 21,000 casualties between both sides. Footage from the clashes shows security forces using rocks, tear gas and live ammunition to disperse protestors. [43] Arte : voici comment l'ANP intoxique les réseaux à propos du conflit au Sahara Occidentalhttps://youtu.be/VI152ip_H-o The First Sahrawi Intifada formed a part of the wider and still ongoing Western Sahara conflict. On 30 April 2007, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1754, which both urged the involved parties to "enter into direct negotiations without preconditions and in good faith." Côté ouest, les 80% de celui-ci, contrôlés par Rabat. SADR was proclaimed by the Polisario Front on 27 February 1976, in Bir Lehlu, Western Sahara. At the heart of the dispute lies the question of who qualifies as a potential voter; the Polisario has insisted on only allowing those found on the 1974 Spanish Census lists (see below) to vote, while Morocco has insisted that the census was flawed by evasion and sought the inclusion of members of Sahrawi tribes which escape from Spanish invasion to the north of Morocco by the 19th century. Continuing disputes between the two factions once more brought the process to a halt. Elle envoie sur place la Minurso, une mission de maintien de la paix qui a pour objectif d’organiser le fameux référendum d’autodétermination espéré depuis des années. As a result of this ambivalence, the movement eventually relocated to Spanish-controlled Western Sahara to start an armed rebellion. Unlike the Organization of African Unity which has strongly backed Western Sahara's right to self-determination, the Arab League has shown little interest in the area. P. 12", "Algeria, the Maghreb Union, and the Western Sahara stalemate. « Le processus politique a montré ses limites » « Quand il y a une impasse diplomatique, et c’est le cas pour le conflit au Sahara occidental, il faut que la situation sur le terrain crée une nouvelle dynamique.C’est l’objectif des Sahraouis », analyse un ancien diplomate pour TSA, sous couvert de l’anonymat. These protests are considered the Western Saharan branch of the Arab Spring series of popular demonstrations and uprisings. Morocco, however, claims that it will still abide by the ceasefire and alleges that the army was simply trying to re-open the road to traffic. The referendum, originally scheduled for 1992, was intended to give the local population of Western Sahara the option between independence or affirming integration with Morocco, but it quickly stalled. [54] Although the Polisario Front was not involved in the negotiations, the SFPA explicitly allows for European Vessels to fish in the disputed coast of the Western Sahara territory. The conflict has witnessed numerous violations of human rights and serious breaches of the Geneva convention on the part of all involved parties; the Polisario Front, the Moroccan government and the Algerian government among them.[85]. Le conflit du Sahara occidental au menu de l’ONU À la demande de l’Allemagne, le conseil de sécurité de l’ONU doit se réunir ce lundi 21 décembre à huis clos sur... lire la suite On l’attend toujours. Philippe Randrianarimanana. Depuis, les gestes se succèdent, dans un sens ou dans l’autre. Qui doit participer au vote ? After the events of the Zemla Intifada in 1970, when Spanish police forcibly disbanded the organization and "disappeared" its founder, Muhammad Bassiri, Sahrawi nationalism again swung towards militarism. [48][49][50][51], In March 2020 Liberia opened a consulate for Morocco in the city of Dakhla,[52] becoming the 10th African country to establish a diplomatic mission to Morocco in Western Sahara effectively recognizing the Moroccan mission in the region. Moroccan authorities rebutted the condemnation saying Al-Batal had crashed into a police car and resisted arrest, however these claims were disputed in an investigation on the incident published by The Washington Post. The territory is bordered by Mauritania in the south and Morocco in the north and has a 50km border with Algeria in the north-east.

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